DEFENSE POLICY ROADMAP TOWARDS A GOLDEN INDONESIA 2045: ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INDONESIAN SPACE ARMED FORCES

The current condition of Indonesia's defense capabilities is essential, considering the evolving geopolitical landscape and the increasing need for a strong defense force in the region. This research examines the rationale behind establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces as a crucial component of Indonesia's defense policy roadmap toward a golden future by 2045. This qualitative research will employ a secondary data analysis method. It will draw upon various sources, including government reports, academic papers, and expert opinions, to gather the necessary information for analysis. The research findings will shed light on the current condition of Indonesia's defense capabilities, highlighting strengths and areas that require improvement. The study will explore the rational reasons for establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces, emphasizing the growing importance of space technology in defense and the need to safeguard Indonesia's interests and sovereignty in space. Furthermore, it will explore the critical components of a defense policy roadmap, including advanced defense systems, a robust military-industrial complex, and enhanced regional cooperation. The research will also assess the implementation of the defense policy roadmap and the challenges hindering its progress. It will examine budget constraints, technology transfer, human resource development, and strategic partnerships. In conclusion, this research explores Indonesia's defense capabilities, the establishment of the Indonesian Space Armed Forces, and the challenges faced in implementing a comprehensive defense strategy for a secure future.


Introduction
As a rapidly developing country, Indonesia has set ambitious national security and development goals.The "Golden Indonesia 2045" vision is a long-term plan to transform Indonesia into a fully developed nation by 2045, coinciding with the centennial celebration of Indonesia's independence (Shaturaev, 2021).
As part of this vision, there has been growing recognition of the significance of space activities for national security and development.With advancements in technology and the increasing role of space in various domains, many countries are investing in space-related capabilities to enhance their defense capabilities and spur economic growth (Francoise & Leuwayan, 2023).
The establishment of the Indonesian Space Armed Forces represents a strategic shift in Indonesia's defense policy.Currently, the country relies on conventional armed forces for its defense needs.However, recognizing www.journal.das-institute.comthe importance of space for national security, this research proposes the establishment of a dedicated branch within the armed forces focused on space operations (Vogel, 2020).This research topic holds great importance due to several reasons.First, Indonesia's geographical location makes it vulnerable to various threats, including natural disasters, piracy, and territorial disputes.The spacebased capabilities of the Indonesian Space Armed Forces can enhance early warning systems, surveillance, and communication mechanisms, thus bolstering Indonesia's resilience against these threats (Lootens, 1998).
Second, space-based technologies offer immense potential for socioeconomic development.Satellites can aid in communication networks, weather forecasting, mapping, and resource exploration, among other things (Koshova, 2021).By actively engaging in space research and development, Indonesia can tap into these opportunities and drive economic growth (Adams, 2020).
Lastly, establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces aligns with the broader global trend of militarization of outer space (Cako, 2020).As countries such as the United States, Russia, China, and India enhance their space capabilities, it is becoming increasingly crucial for Indonesia to have a dedicated entity to safeguard its interests and ensure that it remains competitive globally (Sönnichsen, 2021).
The potential impact of this research topic on Indonesia's national security and development goals is significant.By establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces, the country can leverage space-based capabilities to strengthen its defense posture and protect its sovereignty.Additionally, by investing in space technologies and research, Indonesia can unlock new opportunities for economic growth and technological advancement (Lootens, 1998).
In conclusion, this chapter provides an overview of the research topic: the defense policy roadmap towards a "Golden Indonesia 2045" through establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces.It highlights the importance of the topic in enhancing national security and achieving Indonesia's development goals.By setting the context for the study, this chapter lays the foundation for the subsequent chapters that will delve deeper into the various aspects of this research topic.

Problem Statement, objective, and Research Questions
In today's global landscape, nations increasingly recognize the importance of a firm defense policy to safeguard their territorial integrity and national interests.As Indonesia aims to become a prosperous and influential nation by 2045, it is imperative to establish a comprehensive defense strategy.This essay outlines a study's problem statement and research objectives on the defense policy roadmap towards a "Golden Indonesia 2045," focusing on establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces.The research questions addressed include the current condition of Indonesia's defense capabilities, rational reasons for establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces, components of a defense policy roadmap, and the implementation and potential challenges faced.

Problem Statement
As a vast archipelagic nation in a geopolitically dynamic region, Indonesia faces various security challenges.While the country has made significant progress in enhancing its defense capabilities, it must adapt to emerging threats and exploit advanced technologies to meet future needs effectively.Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the current defense capabilities, reasons for establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces, and practical defense policy roadmap components is essential.

Objectives of the Research:
a. To assess the current condition of Indonesia's defense capabilities: The research aims to analyze Indonesia's current defense capabilities comprehensively.This includes assessing its military strength, defense budget allocation, technological advancements, strategic partnerships, and potential vulnerabilities.By understanding these factors, policymakers can determine areas that require improvement and formulate effective defense policies.b.To explore the rational reasons for establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces: The research seeks to uncover the rationale behind establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces.It will examine the various benefits of having a specialized space force, such as enhancing surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities, deterring potential threats, protecting national assets in space, and contributing to national development goals.c.To identify the components of a defense policy roadmap: This objective involves identifying and analyzing the essential components constituting Indonesia's comprehensive defense policy roadmap.These components may include doctrine development, technological advancements, capacity building, international collaborations, research and development, and strategic planning.Understanding these elements will facilitate the formulation of a practical roadmap to achieve the desired defense objectives.d.To evaluate the implementation and challenges of the defense policy roadmap: The research will assess the implementation of the defense policy roadmap, exploring how the Indonesian government plans to execute its strategies and policies effectively.Additionally, it will address the potential challenges such as financial constraints, technological limitations, geopolitical complexities, public perception, and coordination with other military branches.By identifying these challenges, policymakers can develop mitigation strategies and ensure successful implementation.Establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces within the defense policy roadmap towards a Golden Indonesia 2045 is crucial for the nation's security and achieving its long-term goals.Through a systematic assessment of Indonesia's defense capabilities, rationale for establishing the space armed forces, identification of essential roadmap components, and evaluation of implementation challenges, policymakers can devise an effective defense strategy.By prioritizing these aspects, Indonesia can safeguard its national interests, fortify its regional presence, and contribute to global peace and stability.

Method
In the era of rapid technological advancements and evolving global security threats, countries are reevaluating their defense policies and strategies.As Indonesia aspires to become a "Golden Indonesia" by 2045, it is crucial to explore innovative approaches to ensure the nation's security.This research aims to discuss the application of qualitative research methods using secondary data to develop a defense policy roadmap for establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces (ISAF) to achieve the future vision of a prosperous and secure Indonesia.
According to Creswell (2014), the researcher should follow a systematic approach to conduct qualitative research using secondary data, formulating research questions and objectives for ISAF's defense policy roadmap.They should then collect relevant secondary data from reliable sources, evaluating them for suitability and credibility.Qualitative research techniques can be used to analyze the data.

Current State of Indonesian Defense Capabilities
The defense capabilities of a nation play a crucial role in ensuring the security and sovereignty of its borders.Indonesia, being the largest archipelagic country in the world, faces unique challenges in maintaining effective defense capabilities (Sjamsoeddin et al., 2022).This discussion aims to analyze the current state of Indonesia's defense capabilities, highlighting the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.Moreover, it will address the need for a defense policy roadmap, specifically the establishment of the Indonesian Space www.journal.das-institute.comArmed Forces, to meet future challenges and contribute to Indonesia's vision of becoming a "Golden Indonesia" by 2045.

Current State of Defense Capabilities:
Indonesia possesses significant strengths in its defense capabilities.Firstly, it boasts the most significant military in Southeast Asia, comprising an army, navy, air force, and special forces.This sizeable force provides a foundation for addressing various security challenges (Oktaviano et al., 2020).Additionally, Indonesia has made strides in developing its domestic defense industry, enabling the production of locally manufactured weaponry and equipment.This strengthens its self-sufficiency and contributes to the nation's economy.
However, there are notable weaknesses in Indonesia's defense capabilities.Firstly, gaps in equipment and technology persist, hindering the military's ability to operate effectively.Limited funding allocated to defense has resulted in aging equipment and a lack of modernization (Efendi et al., 2023).Additionally, the concentration of resources in Java has resulted in inadequate defense capabilities in outlying regions.Furthermore, coordination and integration among the military branches must improve their collective capabilities.

Opportunities and Threats:
The rapidly evolving technological landscape presents both opportunities and threats to Indonesia's defense capabilities (Situmeang et al., 2020).Cyber warfare, unmanned systems, and artificial intelligence advancements can potentially enhance Indonesia's defensive capabilities.These technological advancements can significantly increase the country's situational awareness and response capabilities.
However, these advancements also pose threats.The asymmetrical warfare tactics employed by non-state actors have become a significant challenge.Issues such as terrorism, piracy, and illegal fishing necessitate effective counter-terrorism and maritime security measures (Manurung et al., 2023).Moreover, Indonesia faces territorial disputes and geopolitical pressures in the South China Sea, requiring robust maritime defense capabilities (Anton et al., 2021).

The Need for a Defense Policy Roadmap:
A comprehensive defense policy roadmap is necessary to overcome these challenges and leverage opportunities (Kim & Choi, 2008).One crucial aspect of this roadmap is the establishment of the Indonesian Space Armed Forces.With rapid developments in space-related technologies, securing the space domain is vital to safeguarding national interests (Hadyanti et al., 2023).
This proposed branch would focus on surveillance, early warning systems, communication networks, and satellite operations (Hadyanti et al., 2023).It would augment existing defense capabilities, enhancing Indonesia's ability to monitor its vast maritime territory, detect potential threats, and respond effectively.Collaboration with international partners and investment in space technology research and development should be integral to this roadmap.

Rationale for Establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces: A Defense Policy Roadmap Towards a Golden Indonesia 2045
Establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces represents a significant milestone in Indonesia's defense policy roadmap toward achieving a Golden Indonesia by 2045 (Situmeang et al., 2020).In this chapter, we delve into the compelling case for creating the Indonesian Space Armed Forces, exploring the potential benefits and strategic advantages that space-based capabilities can offer.We will focus on intelligence gathering, communications, and surveillance, illustrating how an effective space force can enhance Indonesia's defense posture, protect national interests, and contribute to future development initiatives (Lootens, 1998;Smagh, 2020).

Space-Based Intelligence Gathering
One of the critical reasons for establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces is the potential to enhance significantly intelligence-gathering capabilities.Space-based sensors, satellites, and reconnaissance platforms offer unparalleled surveillance capabilities, ensuring comprehensive monitoring of security threats and geopolitical developments (Drew II, 2020).By having its own space force, Indonesia can reduce its dependence on foreign intelligence and gain more autonomy in this crucial aspect of national security.
Indonesia faces complex challenges, including border disputes, transnational crimes, and terrorist activities, all of which require constantly evaluating strategic information.Advanced space-based intelligence-gathering systems can provide real-time data on potential threats, enabling Indonesian defense forces and policymakers to make timely and informed decisions to protect national security (Harrison et al., 2019).

Enhanced Communications
Satellite technology is pivotal in secure and robust communication networks, especially in a vast archipelago like Indonesia.Establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces will facilitate the development of a domestic satellite network, ensuring improved connectivity for the nation's armed forces, government agencies, emergency services, and remote areas lacking reliable terrestrial infrastructure (Fox & A, 2001;Liu et al., 2020).
Effective, secure, and real-time communication is critical during military operations, disaster management, and humanitarian assistance (Leuprecht & Kasurak, 2020).With a dedicated space force, Indonesia can establish its constellation of communication satellites, enabling seamless coordination and informationsharing capabilities across the nation's defense apparatus.This enhanced communication infrastructure will strengthen defense capabilities and foster economic growth and development in remote regions by bridging the digital divide.

Surveillance and National Interests
Establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces will bolster the nation's surveillance capabilities, ensuring the protection of national interests in terrestrial and maritime domains.Space-based surveillance systems can monitor maritime activities, illegal fishing, border incursions, and territorial disputes more efficiently and accurately (Wallace, 2023).This enables Indonesia to safeguard its sovereignty, protect vital resources, and maintain regional stability.
Additionally, space assets can facilitate a comprehensive understanding of natural and environmental factors, contributing to disaster management capabilities (Carlson & Aggarwal, 2021).Early warning systems and real-time monitoring of geological activities and climate patterns are crucial for anticipating and mitigating the impact of natural calamities such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and flooding.By investing in space-based surveillance, Indonesia can enhance its disaster preparedness and response mechanisms, reducing loss of life and infrastructure damage during emergencies.

Contribution to Future Development Initiatives
The Indonesian Space Armed Forces will also contribute to future development initiatives as space technology increasingly intertwines with socioeconomic progress.Through innovative research and development, establishing a robust space industry will create high-skilled jobs and drive technological advancements in sectors such as telecommunications, satellite manufacturing, and space tourism (Oikonomou, 2023).This will further diversify Indonesia's economy and foster collaboration with international partners, enhancing its global standing.

Defense Policy Roadmap Components: Towards a Golden Indonesia 2045 -Establishment of the Indonesian Space Armed Forces
The defense policy roadmap is crucial for any nation aiming to secure its borders, safeguard national interests, and protect its citizens.As Indonesia envisions a Golden Indonesia in 2045, this discussion will focus on the proposed defense policy roadmap towards achieving this goal, mainly by establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces.The roadmap will analyze and outline key components necessary for the successful implementation of this endeavor.These components encompass infrastructure development, human resource capacity building, technology acquisition, international collaboration, and legal frameworks, each providing www.journal.das-institute.comdetailed recommendations for efficient implementation.

Infrastructure Development:
Without a robust infrastructure, the establishment of the Indonesian Space Armed Forces would be significantly impeded (Cornwall et al., 2000).Adequate consideration should be given to developing spaceports, satellite launching facilities, and ground control stations.These facilities are essential for launching, operating, and maintaining space-based assets.Proper investment in infrastructure will enable the Indonesian Space Armed Forces to effectively monitor and safeguard national interests from space, augmenting the country's overall defense capabilities.

Human Resource Capacity Building:
Developing and nurturing a skilled workforce is vital for successfully establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces.Indonesia should focus on human resource capacity building by investing in education, training programs, and research institutions specializing in space technology and applications.Collaboration with international space agencies and academic institutions can enhance knowledge transfer skill development and foster innovation within the domestic space sector.Additionally, proactive recruitment and retention strategies should be employed to attract talented professionals into the space industry, further strengthening the Indonesian Space Armed Forces (Titus & L, 2020).

Technology Acquisition:
Indonesia must prioritize acquiring cutting-edge technology to establish a robust space armed forces.This calls for collaboration with global space industry leaders in terms of technology transfer and joint research and development projects.Investments in advanced satellite systems, communication networks, and surveillance technologies will equip the Indonesian Space Armed Forces with the necessary capabilities to address security challenges effectively (De Zwart & Stephens, 2019).Additionally, sustained investment in research and development activities will ensure the country remains at the forefront of space technology innovation.

International Collaboration:
Space-borne threats transcend national borders, making international collaboration essential for addressing such challenges effectively.Indonesia should establish diplomatic ties and engage in cooperative agreements with regional and global stakeholders to foster alliances in space exploration, technological development, and security.Partnerships with established spacefaring nations can facilitate resource sharing, joint research initiatives, and knowledge exchange, ensuring the Indonesian Space Armed Forces benefit from a global network of expertise and support (Burton et al., 2022;Wilson et al., 2020).

Legal Frameworks:
Comprehensive legal frameworks are indispensable to provide the necessary regulatory framework for the Indonesian Space Armed Forces.The development of space policy, legislation, and regulatory frameworks should be prioritized to address issues such as spectrum management, satellite registration, orbital slot allocation, and liability provisions (Yaniz, 2022).Ensuring compliance with international norms and treaties will enable the Indonesian Space Armed Forces to operate within a transparent and legally accountable framework, fostering international trust and cooperation.

Implementation and Challenges: Defense Policy Roadmap Towards a Golden Indonesia 2045: Establishment of the Indonesian Space Armed Forces
In the pursuit of becoming a global power and achieving its vision of a Golden Indonesia by 2045, establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces is an ambitious step.This discussion aims to discuss the implementation of the defense policy roadmap, highlighting the necessary steps and actions required for its execution.Furthermore, it will shed light on potential challenges that may arise during the process, including funding constraints, policy resistance, and international considerations.Strategies to overcome these obstacles will also be explored.www.journal.das-institute.comImplementing the defense policy roadmap towards establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces requires a multidimensional approach encompassing political, economic, technological, and social factors.Below are some necessary steps and actions to execute the proposed roadmap (Butow et al., 2020;De Zwart & Stephens, 2019;Gordon et al., 2020;Tomz et al., 2020): 3.4.1.1. Political Factors: Gain political consensus: The government must foster political unity and garner support from various political parties and stakeholders to ensure the smooth implementation of the defense policy roadmap.
Establish legal framework: Enact legislation and frameworks that define the roles, responsibilities, and operational boundaries of the Indonesian Space Armed Forces.This will provide a clear legal basis for its implementation.

Economic Factors:
Allocate adequate funding: The government must prioritize investments in defense, particularly in space technologies, to secure the necessary financial resources to establish and operationalize the Indonesian Space Armed Forces.
Foster partnerships: Collaborate with domestic and international private sectors to foster investment in spacerelated technologies and industries.This will not only provide additional funding but also boost technological advancements.Public support and awareness: Create public awareness campaigns to garner support from the Indonesian populace.Educating the public about the benefits and potential of space technologies will help overcome any resistance to implementing the defense policy roadmap.
Establish recruitment and retention policies: Develop attractive career paths and competitive compensation packages to attract talented individuals to the Indonesian Space Armed Forces.It is crucial to ensure a sustainable supply of skilled personnel.

Challenges and Strategies to Overcome Them
The implementation of the defense policy roadmap is bound to encounter several challenges, both internal and external.Some potential obstacles and their corresponding strategies include (Borowitz, 2019;Shabbir et al., 2021): 3.4.2.1.Funding Constraints: Strategy: Seek international partnerships and collaborations to share the financial burden and gain access to advanced technologies.
Strategy: Prioritize defense spending in the national budget and ensure efficiency in resource allocation by conducting regular audits.

Policy Resistance:
Strategy: Engage in open and inclusive discussions with policymakers, military leaders, and civil society to address concerns and gain support for the defense policy roadmap.
Strategy: Highlight the long-term benefits and potential contributions of the Indonesian Space Armed Forces to national security, technological advancements, and economic growth.

International Considerations:
Strategy: Strengthen diplomatic relations and engage in international forums to build trust and cooperation with other nations in space-related matters.
Strategy: Leverage existing international treaties and agreements relating to space activities to navigate potential conflicts of interest and ensure the lawful implementation of the defense policy roadmap.

Conclusion
Indonesia's defense capabilities are influenced by various factors, including its vast territory, limited resources, and evolving geopolitical challenges.While there are strengths to build upon, weaknesses and emerging threats must be addressed.Establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces as part of a comprehensive defense policy roadmap will provide the necessary capabilities to adapt to future challenges and contribute to Indonesia's vision of becoming a "Golden Indonesia" by 2045.The government must prioritize defense funding, invest in modernization efforts, enhance coordination among military branches, and embrace technological advancements for a secure and prosperous future.
Establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces is a logical and forward-thinking step in Indonesia's defense policy roadmap.The numerous benefits and strategic advantages of space-based capabilities, including intelligence gathering, communications, and surveillance, provide compelling reasons for having a dedicated space force.By embracing space technology, Indonesia will enhance its defense posture, protect national interests, and contribute to future development initiatives, ultimately guiding the nation toward a Golden Indonesia by 2045.
The defense policy roadmap towards a Golden Indonesia in 2045 through establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces requires careful consideration of various key components.Infrastructure development, human resource capacity building, technology acquisition, international collaboration, and legal frameworks all play pivotal roles in ensuring the successful implementation of this roadmap.By prioritizing these components and implementing the detailed recommendations, Indonesia can bolster its defense capabilities, strengthen national security, and contribute to regional and global space exploration endeavors.
Establishing the Indonesian Space Armed Forces as part of the defense policy roadmap toward a Golden Indonesia 2045 demands careful implementation and consideration of political, economic, technological, and social challenges.By taking necessary steps and adopting strategic measures, such as securing funding, gaining political support, and addressing international considerations, Indonesia can overcome these challenges and pave the way for realizing its space and national defense ambitions.Int'l & Comp. L., 48, 695. Burton, J., Thompson, D., Papa, A., & Wong, A. (2022).INTERNATIONAL SPACE COLLABORATION AND SECURITY.AEther: A Journal of Strategic Airpower & Spacepower, 1(4), 35-48.Butow, S. J., Cooley, T., Felt, E., Mozer, J. B., Hardy, D. A., & Garretson, P. (2020).State of the Space

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