The Perception of Road Users on Flyover Development Impact: A Case of Jalan RE Martadinata Bogor

The high number of vehicles and the position of the railway line, which is on the same level as the road, can cause congestion. One of the sources of traffic jam locations in Bogor is on Jalan Re. Martadinata. The purpose of this research is to analyze the perceptions of road users on the Martadinata Bogor Flyover. The data collection method was carried out by distributing online questionnaires using a platform, Gform, containing seven related parameters before and after the construction of the flyover. The results of the respondents' answers were processed using the Microsoft Excel application and presented as a spider chart. In the results of the respondent's assessment, all parameters experienced an increase. Three parameters have the highest gap values, and road users and respondents feel the increase, including traffic density, accessibility, and comfort for road users. In addition, there are three parameters with the lowest Gap values, including road conditions, environmental conditions, and road components.


Introduction
The development of a city is usually marked by an increasing population and community need for improving transportation facilities and infrastructure services (Adawiyah & Surya, 2017).At this time, especially in the "4.0" era, a lot of development and construction is done.One of them is the construction of flyovers on Jalan RE Martadinata Bogor.Construction work is the whole or part of a series of planning and implementation activities along with supervision that includes architectural, civil, mechanical, electrical, and environmental planning work, respectively, and their accessories to create a building or other physical form.(Law No. 18, 1999) One of the cities supporting DKI Jakarta is the city of Bogor, which has highly crowded traffic circumstances, especially on weekends (W., Sinulingga, & Handayani, 2020).It is difficult to avoid traffic jams in Bogor City, also known as the City of Rain, which is a city that intersects with the capital city directly.Congestion has developed in some areas due to the growing number of vehicles, the constant width of the road, and the swollen commuter lines.The primary traffic source in Bogor City is the abundance of congested areas, such as the commercial structures located around Kebun Raya Bogor (KRB).
Transportation is one of the factors causing congestion, especially land transportation.The population of private vehicles and public transport passes through Jalan Martadinata Bogor.The traffic causes severe congestion, coupled with the existence of KRL (commuter line) crossings and the capacity of the Bogor -Manggarai line, namely during peak hours, as many as 134 trips, and during off-peak hours as many as 235 trips.So there are 369 KRL trips per day (Erlangga, Istiantara, & Nugroho, 2020).Therefore, the Martadinata Flyover Development project was held with an effective length of around 458 meters on the R.E.Martadinata road section to reduce and break down congestion due to KRL traffic (Astuti, Budiono, & Artiningsih, 2020).Benefits of flyover development include lessened traffic in congested locations.Therefore, this study aimed to examine how road users, or respondents, perceived the state of the Re.Martadinata before and after the Martadinata Flyover Bogor's construction

Development and Efficiency of Flyovers
The flyover is a cutting-edge technique that uses high technology and lots of resources to improve transportation (Taleb, 2012).The increase in transportation is due to the rapid development of society, resulting in the government having to adjust by developing road infrastructure (Purwanggono, 2017, December), one of which is a flyover.
A flyover is a floating road designed to avoid locations with persistent traffic congestion issues, over train tracks, and enhance traffic efficiency and safety.Flyovers and bridges are similar in that they are both built constructions that connect two roads or land surfaces apart from one another and are both floating.(Latief, Kusumaningtyas, & Supriadi, 2018, December).The advantages of constructing a flyover include, among other things, overcoming severe traffic jams that cannot be resolved with the use of red lights.Furthermore, the flyover has the benefit of lowering the risk of accidents at a crossing area and acting as a platform for initiatives to rebuild and re-imagine the concepts of order, movement, mobility, decency, and connection (Harris, 2018).

Figure 1. Intersection Location
The construction of the Martadinata Flyover (Bubulak Flyover) aims to break down congestion and improve the safety and comfort of road users on Re.Martadinata due to railroad crossings, especially during rush hour.Several intersections contribute to traffic congestion, including the Abesin intersection (Re.Martadinata -Jalan Abesin -RE Martadinata), the Haur Jaya intersection (Re.Martadinata -Jalan Haur Jaya -RE Martadinata), and the Bubulak intersection (RE Martadinata -Bubulak Street -RE Martadinata).Access to the three intersections is manageable after the construction of the flyover because of the meeting point between the three intersections and Re.Martadinata implements a oneway system in the flyover frontage area.Crossing the railroad crossing (Commuter Line) can only be accessed via a flyover, which is expected to reduce or unravel congestion on Jalan RE Martadinata, Bogor.

Traffic Management
Increasing the number of vehicles is a challenge for society in managing traffic congestion and accidents worldwide (Sharma, Awasthi, & Kumar, 2020, October).Congestion often occurs in urban or metropolitan areas due to several factors.First, road capacity is not proportional to the volume of vehicles, the number of intersections, accident incidents, weather, and work zones (Afrin & Yodo, 2020).The existence of railroad crossings on the same level as roads can add to congestion.Third, infrastructure development is slow compared to the increase in vehicles.
The presence of traffic congestion in numerous locations is a critical issue that the community must address and for which it must find solutions.Road widening, one-way traffic engineering, the installation of road medians, the construction of non-level infrastructure improvements like underpasses and flyovers, as well as the use of intelligent transportation systems can all help to reduce congestion (Rifai, Surgiarti, Isradi, & Mufhidin, 2021) in realizing smart cities.Several solutions have been implemented to overcome congestion, including implementing a one-way road engineering system on several roads.A one-way traffic management system by changing the direction of the road to a one-way street, which functions to increase the capacity of roads and intersections.This system is commonly applied in urban areas to improve traffic safety and smoothness (Ramanasari, Qomariyah, Purwanto, & Yulipriyono, 2014).The advantages of this one-way traffic management system are that it reduces the number of conflicts at intersections and the number of traffic accidents.Meanwhile, the weakness of this system is that it causes the travel time to be extended if it turns around.
In addition to traffic engineering, the metropolitan area has an intelligent traffic management system that uses agent technology and emergency intelligence (EI).The use of this technique for traffic control in urban areas is strongly recommended (Chavhan & Venkataram, 2020).The EI system is ideal for usage in dynamic conditions or circumstances since it predicts when an event will happen (whether predictable or not) and continues to do so until a solution has been found.In addition, the EI system has several features, including collaborative work, parallel processing, and dynamic decision-making.

Research Methodology
The research location is located on Jalan RE Martadinata, Bogor.The flyover, which was built at the end of 2018, is named Flyover Martadinata or can be called the Bubulak Flyover.It has two lanes with a length of 458 meters and a total width of 12.5 meters; each lane is 6.25 meters wide and has a clearance height of around 7.5 meters from the existing road.The research was aimed at two-and four-wheeled road users crossing the Martadinata Bogor Flyover from the east (Manunggal Intersection) to the west (Air Mancur Intersection) and vice versa.

Figure 2. Research Location
The method used in this research involves using a questionnaire to compare several parameters before and after the construction of the flyover.Questionnaires are a data collection technique that provides questions or written statements to respondents to obtain information (Cahyanti, 2018).The questionnaire was conducted online using the Google Forms platform and distributed to road users crossing the Flyover Martadinata in Bogor.The distributed questionnaires contained parameters that were used as comparisons between before and after the flyover.They were presented on a Likert scale, in which respondents determined their level of agreement with a statement by selecting one of the available options.This format has five scale options: strongly disagree, disagree, disagree, agree, and strongly agree.In addition to the choice of five scales, like the example, a scale with seven or nine levels is sometimes used (Ukkas, 2017).The results of the questionnaire data will be analyzed and processed using Microsoft Excel and presented in the form of a spider chart to determine road users' perceptions of conditions before and after the construction of the flyover and to obtain a gap value.
Research is a method and a tool for applying the scientific method to solve an issue (Pandey & Pandey, 2021).Finding the right problem is the first step in a methodical scientific research process (Rifai, Hadiwardoyo, Correia, & Pereira, 2016).Several characteristics are required to measure the effectiveness of traffic on the flyover, and these parameters will then be compared based on the respondents' evaluations.The demographic traits of the respondents, such as gender, age, occupation, and others, had an impact on their assessments (Agyapong & Ojo, 2018), as well as an assessment of the flyover's characteristic parameters.Knowing the characteristics of the respondents will provide a relatively clear picture of the relationship between the respondents' conditions and the problems and research objectives, as for the assessment parameters to be compared and the flyover system's characteristics, which can be seen in Table 1 below.

Characteristics of Respondents
There were 131 respondents in total after the questionnaire was given to various respondents.However, only 100 respondents' answers met the criteria (having crossed the Martadinata Flyover).The characteristics of the 100 respondents, when grouped by gender, consisted of 65% males and 35% females.There are 50% of respondents aged 21-30 years, which is the majority of respondents among all respondents.The domicile of Martadinata Flyover users (respondents) is 46% in Bogor, with the primary goal being to work for 32%.Most of the respondents' jobs were BUMN employees, with a percentage of 27%, and the vehicles used to cross the Martadinata Flyover were private cars, with 48% of all respondents.As for the details of the characteristics of the respondents, they are presented in

Traffic Management Effectiveness
In this study, several parameters factors in the respondents' assessment of the effectiveness of traffic management at the Re.Martadinata, especially the Martadinata Flyover (Bubulak Flyover), Bogor.Seven parameters are assessed by respondents: road conditions, safety, comfort, road completeness, environmental conditions, density, and accessibility.The assessment results of these parameters will be compared to the conditions before and after the construction of the Martadinata Flyover.The results of the average comparison and difference in assessment before and after the construction of the Martadinata Flyover are shown in Table 3.The data that has been analyzed will be displayed using the spider chart method, which can be seen in Figure 3 below.The analysis results of the average respondent's assessment are indicated by Table 3 and the spider chart image (Figure 3) above; the highest gap is indicated by traffic density with a value of 3.53.Respondents' assessment of traffic density before the flyover was built was 4.62, and it increased to 8.15 after the flyover was built.From this, it can be concluded that the traffic density on Jalan Re.Martadinata was considered unfavorable before the construction of the flyover, which resulted in frequent traffic jams.A railroad crossing causes the congestion that occurs on this road.The peak of congestion at these locations occurs on weekdays around 06.00 WIB-09.00WIB and 16.30 WIB-20.00WIB and on weekends around 07.00 WIB-10.00WIB and 17.30 WIB-21.00WIB.

Figure 3. Radar analysis
The second parameter with the highest Gap value is accessibility, or ease of access, with a value of 3.18.Respondents' assessment of traffic accessibility before the flyover was built was 5.39, which increased to 8.57 after the flyover was built.From this, it can be concluded that the existence of the Martadinata Flyover can increase the accessibility of road users and increase the efficiency of travel time from the east and west sides of Jalan Re.Martadinata.This is due to the high number of commuter lines that pass through that location, so with the construction of this flyover, RE Martadinata can directly cross the flyover road at the commuter line crossing, regardless of the commuter line that is passing through.
The third parameter with the highest gap value, the comfort of road users before the flyover, was 5.40 and increased to 8.41 after the construction of the flyover.From this, road users feel comfortable with the flyover due to the reduced congestion level at that location.Finally, the fourth parameter with the highest gap value is the safety of road users, Jalan RE.Martadinata with a gap value of 2.72.Respondents' assessment of road users' safety before the flyover was 5.60 and increased to 8.32 after the construction of the flyover.From this, it can be concluded that there is increased safety and reduced risk of road user accidents after the flyover because the routes of road users do not have to cross the Commuter Line route but are above the Commuter Line route.Not only that but the flyover track is also equipped with a reflector, which is helpful as a tool or medium for reflecting vehicle spotlights to be refracted again and give a glowing effect at night.
The following parameter is the road component or road equipment.In this parameter, respondents assess the condition of traffic signs, road markings, lighting, sidewalks, and waterways or drainage (Lulie & Setiawan, 2022) and get a gap value with an average of 2.69.Respondents' assessment of road components or equipment before the flyover was built was 5.58 and increased to 8.28 after the flyover was built.This happened because the development also added several indicators, including the addition of informational signs, the addition of lighting at several points, improving the condition of the sidewalks under the flyover, and improving the drainage channels at the flyover location its surroundings.Furthermore, the parameters assessed are environmental conditions on Re.Martadinata.In this parameter, respondents assess vehicle noise, air pollution, and dust and get a gap value with an average of 2.66.Respondents' assessment of environmental conditions before the flyover was built was 5.18 and increased to 7.83 after the flyover was built.From this, the environmental conditions at the flyover location are getting better and more environmentally friendly.
The last parameter with the lowest Gap value is the road condition on RE.Martadinata, with a value of 2.40.Respondents' assessment of road conditions before the flyover was 6.06 and increased to 8.46 after the construction of the flyover.According to this, there is only a minor change in road conditions in this parameter because respondents assessed the condition of the RE before the flyover (existing).Martadinata is considered quite good, with indicators that there are no cracks and holes in the road section.

Conclusion
Based on the results of research analysis or questionnaires distributed to respondents, it is concluded that all parameters contained in the questionnaire have increased after the construction of the Martadinata Flyover (Bubulak Flyover).However, the three parameters have the highest gap values, and road users and respondents feel the increase.These parameters include traffic density with a Gap value of 3.53, accessibility with a Gap value of 3.18, and road user comfort with a Gap value of 3.0.In addition, there are three parameters with the lowest Gap values, including road conditions with a Gap value of 2.40, environmental conditions with a Gap value of 2.66, and road components with an average Gap value of 2.69.